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长难句

多件事连接到一起,就成了长难句。

中文是意合的语言,多件事之间靠逗号连接即可,只要意思差不多即可。英语是形合的语言,多件事之间必须要靠连词 conj. 连接。

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简单句依靠连词,成为并列句 or 复合句。长难句学习的重点在于句子和句子之间的关系。

并列句

并列句的构成

多件事(至少两件事)一样重要:此时可以写成并列句。多个简单句 + 并列连词。

  • 表示顺接的并列连词:
    • … and …(both … and …):…… 和 ……,(两者都)
    • 不但,而且:
      • not only … but … as well
      • not only … but also …
      • not only … but …
      • only 可以换成 just
    • The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind. 金融危机(财政上的不良结果)已经开始了,政治危机也可能不远了。
  • 表示转折的并列连词:后面一件事的发生让你很意外(夏天但是天气凉快)转折之后的结论更加重要!
    • … but …:…… 但是 ……
    • … yet …:…… 但是 ……
    • 注意:however 意思上是转折的,但是它是副词,不是连词
    • The environment is obviously important but its role has remained obscurse. 环境显然很重要,但它的作用仍然不清楚。
    • We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. 我们都在某种程度上理解这一点,但作为医疗消费者,我们将死亡视为需要解决的问题。
  • 表示选择的并列连词:
    • 或者:二选一
      • … or …
      • either … or …:either 有两种读音
    • 既不,也不:俩都不选
      • neither … nor …:neither 也有两种读音
  • 表示因果的并列连词:
    • … for …:…… 因为 ……(for 不仅仅可以作为介词,但凡接了句子就是连词)注意 for 和 because 的区别,由于 for 是并列句的连词,因此它只能在两个句子的中间,位置不能随便变化!
    • … so …:…… 所以 ……
    • Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. 记者往往是一个广泛定义的社会和文化精英的一部分,因此他们的工作往往反映了这个精英阶层的传统价值观。
      • tend to do sth. 倾向于做某事,一般翻译为“往往”
      • elite:精英
      • 这里的 and 虽然也是连词,虽然可以连接句子,但是同样也可以连接两个词

并列句的省略

当中间的并列连词都一样时,可以将连词换成逗号。比如四件事连接到一起。

并列句的省略是并列句独有的特点。因为它表达的是多件事同样重要。

The program keeps track of your progress and provides detailed feedback on you performance and improvement. 程序会记录您的进度,并提供详细的反馈,帮助您提高表现和进步。

  • keeps 和 provides 并列,共享了主语 the program(后面就省略掉了主语)
  • 并列句相同的部分(不仅仅是主语,主谓宾都可以)可以省略,余下的保持不变

But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations and feeling the strain. 但是现在大多数女性都面临着许多义务,感到很紧张。

  • feeling 省略了 most women are,主谓

The federal government must support job training programs, raise the minimum wage and fund more low-cost housing. 联邦政府必须支持职业培训计划,提高最低工资并资助更多低成本住房。

  • 一共有三件事,raise 和 fund 都省略了 The federal government must 主谓

Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side. 谦虚要求你认识到自己观点的弱点,有时也要接受对立面的理由。

  • 共享部分:humility requires you

并列句 - 练习

抓住连词即可。

We neither understand nor respect each other. 我们既不理解也不尊重彼此。省略主语。

They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives. 他们交叉核实消息来源,偏爱来自不同角度的新闻。省略主语。

The editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. 编辑会决定接受或拒绝这篇论文的发表。省略主语和谓语 the editor would。

Formerly it lasted three days, but by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. 过去它持续了三天,但到了 20 世纪 80 年代,它更常见的持续时间是一天半。

In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past. 在欧洲,税收占(汽油)零售价格的五分之四,因此即使原油价格发生相当大的变化,对零售价(pump prices)的影响也比过去更温和。

并列句 - 考场攻略

找到并列句省略的部分

You can become a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. 你可以在三年内成为一名律师,四年内成为一名医生。省略了 you can become 这一主语和谓语。

He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. 他去了赌场,输了 20 美元就离开了。这里有三个句子并列,he visited the casino,he lost the $20 和 he left。后面两个都省略了主语。

复合句

如果两个句子的重要性不同,就需要用到复合句:主句 + 从句。主要的事是主句,次要的事是从句。一般主句只有一个,围绕这个主句会出现多个从句,从句是对主句的补充说明,修饰限定,或者在主句中做成份。通常在从句前加一个连接词。

America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. 美国购买不良资产的新计划不会奏效,除非银行将资产标记为买家认为有吸引力的水平。

学习的重点是从句,从句需要加连接词,调整语句,放入主句做说明等等。写作的过程中从句的写作是重点。

  • 名词性从句
  • 定语从句
  • 状语从句

名词性从句

名词性从句:一个从句当作名词来用,可以做名词所能做的一切事。例如可以做主语,做宾语,做表语,做同位语等等。它们的写法相同,唯一的区别是在主句中的位置不同。最常用的是宾语从句,其次是主语从句和同位语从句,最不重要的是表语从句。

宾语从句:充当主句宾语的从句

Justice Anthony wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. 安东尼大法官写道,之前的决定存在缺陷。that 引出的就是宾语从句,充当 wrote 的宾语。

  • 陈述句变宾语从句
    • Dr. Worm acknowledges … + that + These figures are conservative. 语序不变,直接放入
    • 注意这里的 that 不做成分,此时可以省略!但是建议写作时不要省略。也只有宾语从句里面的 that 是可以省略的,表语、主语、同位语从句里面的 that 都不能省略。
    • We believe consumers should have more control.
  • 特殊疑问句变宾语从句
    • We suddenly can’t remember + Where did we put the keys just a moment ago?
    • 特殊疑问句改成陈述语序,先主语后谓语,把主语提到谓语动词的前面,同时 did 和 put 是可以合并的,只需要把 put 换成自己的过去式即可。特殊疑问句从句的连接词就是这个特殊疑问词。
    • We suddenly can’t remember where we (did) put the keys just a moment ago. 我们突然想不起来刚才把钥匙放在哪里了。
  • 一般疑问句(Yes No 疑问句)变宾语从句
    • I don’t know + Are other clients going to abandon me, too?
    • 首先改成陈述语序,主语提前:other clients are going to abandon me, too。但这个时候意思就变成(确定)了,因此需要加“是否”这个连词,可以用 if, whether 保留“是否”的含义。
    • I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too? 我不知道其他客户是否也会放弃我?
    • 虽然 if 简单,但是推荐大家选用 whether,因为 if 有的时候不能用(主语从句不能用,后面接 to do 不能用,出现两种情况选择的时候不能用)
  • 哪怕外面的主句不是陈述句,里面的从句也要调整成陈述语序。Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? 广告商应该假设人们乐意被追踪并发送行为广告吗?
  • 宾语从句写法总结:
    • 陈述句:that(不做成分可以省略,尽量别省)
    • 特殊疑问句:主语提前
    • 一般疑问句:主语提前,最好用 whether 做连词
    • 都是 连接词 + 陈述句:连接词是缺什么加什么

宾语从句的位置

  • 动词后:
    • This may also explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells. 这也可能解释了为什么我们通常对自己的气味不敏感。
  • 动词双宾:
    • Users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. 用户可以告诉广告商,他们不想被跟踪。
  • 介宾:
    • This and other similar cases raise the question of whether there is still a Iine between the court and politics. 这种以及其他类似的案例引发了一个问题,即法院和政治之间是否仍然存在一条界线。……的问题。
  • 形容词 + 宾语从句:形容词后面原来有一个介词,但是它被省略掉了。
    • He felt certain that he never could have succeed with mathematics. 他确信自己永远无法在数学上取得成功。
  • 非谓语动词 + 宾语从句
    • You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to. 你甚至可能会认为人类没有什么未来可以期待了。
    • be tempted to 被诱惑做某事,禁不住去做某事,to assume 是非谓语
  • 宾语从句后置,it 做形式宾语:太长了放到后面去(注意肯定是主谓宾补这种情况才行)
    • That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be accepted as impartial judgments. 那种活动会使法院的裁决不太可能被接受为公正的判决。

表语从句:从句在系动词后做表语

The kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments. 这种思维方式是为什么很多人试图避免争论的原因。

表语从句的写法同宾语从句。但是表语从句中的 that 不做成分也不能省略!

Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes. 机场所面临的问题之一是只有有限的空间来设置安检通道(screening lanes)。

For Williams, these activities become what he calls“electronic heroin.”对于威廉姆斯来说,这些活动成为了他所称的“电子海洛因”。

The problem is that …

The key point is that … 写作模板

主语从句

What is being called artificial general intelligence continues to elude scientists. 所谓的人工智能总体来说仍然难以捉摸。

  • elude:v. 使……达不到,逃避,躲避
  • 主语从句的写法同宾语从句:连接词 + 陈述句
    • that 不做成分,也不能省略
    • 一般疑问句只能用 whether,不能用 if

That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. 海洋过度捕捞的问题已经为人所知多年。

What motivated him was his zeal for“fundamental fairness”? 是什么激发了他对“基本公平”的热情?

And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful. 社区的工作是否对整体知识积累有很大贡献是值得怀疑的。

主语从句的位置

一般情况下主语从句放在句首谓语动词前,但是有的时候会出现头重脚轻的情况,使用 it 形式主语占位,把从句放到句尾(考研真题中绝大部分都是放在句尾):修改上面的句子:

It is doubtful whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge.

It did not matter what was done in the experiment. 在实验中做什么并不重要。

常用的写作模板:it 做形式主语

  • It is done + 主语从句:表达人们对于一件事的观点和看法(不要用 I think … 显得太主观,表达观点和看法写成”这件事被 xxx”显得更加客观)。
    • It is thought … 人们认为……
    • It is said … 人们常说……
    • It is believed … 人们相信
    • This year, it was proposed that the system be changed. 今年,有人提议改变该系统。(这里有虚拟语气)
  • It is + adj./n. + 主语从句:表达人们对于一件事的评价(有趣的,不可能的……)
    • It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become. 目前尚不清楚航空公司安全的有效性提高了多少。
    • Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere. 其次,金钱和注意力转向科学而不是去其他地方肯定是一件好事。
  • 当然时态可以发生变化

同位语从句:句子做同位语去解释说明

So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair. 人工智能系统做出的决策应该是可解释的、透明的和公平的。

  • So do I. 表示“我也是”。So does the idea. 这个想法也是。
  • 多半都是陈述句做同位语从句,that 不做成份,也不能省略

Evidence that the Lovelife program produces lasting changed is limited and mixed. Lovelife 计划产生持久变化的证据是有限和混合的(毁誉参半的)。

There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars. 没有理由不欢迎每个人在莫纳克亚山上拥抱他们的文化遗产并研究星星。(没有理由显示为什么大家不能来……)

同位语从句的位置

放在解释说明的名词后,只能跟在抽象名词后。

idea, opinion, fact, evidence, question, doubt, reason, theory, belief, possibility, chance, hope, contention, guarantee. 想法,意见,事实,证据,问题,怀疑,原因,理论,信仰,可能性,机会,希望,争论,保证。

Part of fame of Allen’s book is its contention that“Circumstances do not make a person,. they reveal him.”艾伦的书的名气部分在于它的论点是“环境不会造就一个人,他们揭示了他“。

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名词性从句 - 练习

In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that "a substantial part" of executive pay is now tied to performance. 《华尔街日报》在其最新的 CEO 薪酬调查中发现,高管薪酬的“很大一部分”现在与绩效挂钩。that 引导的宾语从句。

Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel. 部分问题在于政府没有预料到航空旅行的急剧增加。that 引导的表语从句。

The idea that "housing crisis" equals "concreted meadows" is pure lobby talk. “住房危机”等于“混凝土草地”的想法纯粹是游说(lobby talk)。that 引导的同位语从句。(从句通常结束在第二个谓语动词前)

Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job. 问任何刚失业的人他们想要什幺,答案总是:一份工作。what 引导的双宾从句。

However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell at first can suddenly become sensitive to it. 然而,人们已经发现,即使是一开始对某种气味不敏感的人也会突然对它变得敏感。that 引导的主语从句,it 做形式主语。

But what we forget is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. 但我们忘记了,幸福不仅仅是没有痛苦的快乐。what 引导主语从句,that 引导表语从句。

名词性从句 - 攻略

找到从句:起始于连接词,结束于标点、下一个连接词

But it’s obvious that a majority of the president' s advisers still don' t take global warming seriously. 但很明显,总统的大多数顾问仍然没有认真对待全球变暖问题。that 引导主语从句。后半句虽然长,但是只有一个谓语动词,因此只是一个句子。开始于连接词,结束于标点。

  • take sth. seriously 严肃看待某事

An awareness that they were being experimented upon seemed to be enough to alter workers' behavior by itself. 意识到他们正在被试验,似乎足以改变工人的行为本身。that 引导同位语从句,补充说明 awareness,结束于第二个谓语动词 seem 之前。

判断从句:看从句前面挨着谁,从而判断位置。

On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn't developing more quickly there than it is. 相反,提高生产力时受到的限制解释了为什么那里的教育发展速度不快。why 引导的从句挨着 explain 谓语,从而自身是一个宾语从句。

Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thoughtin a society. 沃尔夫提出了语言结构决定社会习惯性思维结构的观点。that 引导的从句挨着 the idea,因此是一个同位语从句。提出了……的观点。

定语从句

定语从句:一个句子做定语,去修饰限制名词。

Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. 法律是一门鼓励负责任判断的学科。

  • Law is a discipline. + A discipline encourages responsible judgment. 合并
  • 找到相同点,同时避免重复。把后面的 a discipline 替换为一个指事物的 that 或者 which
  • 先行词:定语从句所修饰的名词(定语从句一般都放在先行词的后面)
  • 关系词:引出定语从句的词,也可以叫做引导词或连接词,人用 who,物用 that 或者 which,这里的关系词是要做从句成分的!
  • 关系词指代的成分 = 先行词

定语从句的写法:先行词 + (关系词 + 陈述句)关系词是什么就看先行词是什么

先行词关系词
事物which/that
who/whom/that
人/物(表示人或物的所有关系,某人的/某物的)which
时间when
地点where
原因why
  • 指事物的关系词 which 和 that 有区别,但是不纠结。
  • 指人的关系词中,whom 对应的先行词是从句的宾语

Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and phiysical changes _____ young adults experience. 先行词是 changes,因此是物,填入 that 或者 which 都可以。这个是从句的宾语,是”年轻人所经历的改变。“

Furthermore, the legal system and the events _____ occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. 先行词是 events,填入 that 或者 which 都可以。这个是做从句的主语。”发生在其中“的事件。

In France, shareholders ____ hold onto a company investments for at least two years can somtimes earn more voting rights in a company. 先行词是 shareholders,股东,填入 that 或者 who 都可以,这个是做从句的主语,不能用 whom。

Retailers ____ master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. 先行词是 retailer,用 that 或者 who 都可以。

  • retailer:n. 零售商
  • rake in:迅速取得
  • intricacies:n. 复杂性
  • wholesaling:n. 批发
  • substantial:adj. 大量的

It also pledged to not deploy AI _____ use would violate international laws or human rights. 先行词是 AI,这里是”AI 的使用“,因此需要用 whose,whose 不仅仅可以表示人的,也可以表示事物的。

  • pledge:v. 承诺
  • 它还承诺不部署使用违反国际法或人权的人工智能。

This, for those yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those _____ surnames begin with a letter the lower half of the alphabet. 对于那些尚未意识到这种不利条件的人来说,这是指对那些姓氏以字母表下半部分字母开头的人的歧视。

  • surname:姓氏
  • 那些人的姓氏,因此填入 whose

It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. 对于 40 岁以下的普通读者来说,很难想象在大多数大城市报纸上都能找到高质量的艺术评论的时代。

  • it 是一个形式主语,真正的主语是 to imagine
  • when 引出的定语从句:高质量的艺术评论可以在大多数大城市报纸中找到(的时代)

Today, we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are all available on our smartphones. 今天,我们生活在一个 GPS 系统,数字地图和其他导航应用进程都可以在我们的智能手机上使用的世界。

  • 注意这里的关系词 where 修饰 in a world 这个地点
  • 这里的 where 充当的是从句的地点状语:GPS systeams … are all available on our smartphones in this world.

The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. 成本如此之高的另一个原因是企业的限制性公会式所有权结构。原因用 why。

关于定语从句关系词的注意事项:

  • 定语从句的关系词的每一个都做成分,包括 that
  • whom 指人时只能做宾语
  • 关系词在定语从句中做宾语(动宾或介宾)都可以省略
    • Are human actually aware of the world (that/which) they live in? 人类真的知道他们生活的世界吗?
  • 特殊的关系词 whereby = by which 通过某种方式/方法
    • The definition also excludes themajority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. 该定义还排除了大多数教师,尽管教学传统上是许多知识分子谋生的方法。

定语从句的分类:限定性/非限定性

  • 限定性定语从句:无逗号隔开
  • 非限定性定语从句:有逗号隔开

He will call his friend who is working in London. 名词 friend 的范围不明确,因此需要 who 引导的定语从句进行限定,不能去掉。

He will call his mother, who is working in London. 名词 mother 的范围明确,因此 who 引导的定语从句只是对 mother 的补充说明,可以去掉。

  • 绝对明确:专有名词、独一无二的东西
  • 相对明确:这篇文章中唯一出现的名词

If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method.如果它想激怒几乎完全依赖广告的谷歌,它选择了一种间接的方法。Google 是明确的。

This trend, which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. 我们认为这一趋势仍处于起步阶段,实际上始于零售商和旅游提供商,如航空公司和酒店,无疑将走得更远。上下文中只有一个 trend。

非限定性定语从句是句子的非主干。

区别限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句
逗号无逗号有逗号
先行词范围不明确范围明确
作用修饰限定先行词,不能省略补充说明先行词,可以省略
翻译往前翻译,……的先行词不用往前翻译
关系词关系词可以用 that,做宾语可以省略,指人做宾语,可用 whom/that/who关系词不能用 that,不可以省略,指人作宾语,只能用 whom

定语从句的补充

  • 限定定从和同位语从句的区别
  • 修饰整句话的特殊的非限定从
  • 介词提前的定语从句

限定性定语从句和同位语从句的区别:

同位语从句限定性的定语从句
解释说明名词(是什么 what)修饰限定名词(哪一个 which)
用于抽象名词的后面用于任意名词的后面:抽象或者不抽象都可以
名词 + that 从句:that 不做从句成分名词 + that 从句:that 做从句的成分
同位语从句不能省略连词先行词 + 省略关系词的从句:关系词做从句宾语

One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. 定语从句。一种可能的回应是让古典表演者编排尚未录制的有吸引力的新音乐。

The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than other is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. 有些人可能比其他人更聪明的想法是那些不敢说出它的名字的假设之一(不能对外说的假设)。

  • 第一个 that 是同位语,解释说明 idea
  • 后一个 that 是限定性定语从句,修饰限定 hypotheses

We unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day. 省略了 that 就是定语从句。我们无意识地模仿我们每天看到的行为。……的行为,从句放到前面。

特殊的非限定性定语从句:修饰整句话(必须是非限定从,同时关系词只能是 which 或者 as,which 和 as 在从句中都做成分,指代整句话;which 只能放在主句后面,as 可以放在任何位置)

  • A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly. 然后,一些生成规则足以展开语言的整个基本结构,这就是为什么孩子们可以如此快速地学习它。
  • Nevertheless, as any biagrapher knows, a person' s eary life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual. 然而,正如任何传记作者都知道的那样,一个人的生活及其状况往往是给个人的最大礼物。as 指代后面的整句话,做 knows 的宾语。

介词提前的定语从句:

  • Futhermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment which they live in. 分离了 in 和 which,因此要写成 Futhermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live. 提前或不提前都可以,但是最好提前。
  • 介词提前之后,不能用 that,只能用 which(物)或 whom(人)
  • Commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. 商业基因检测的好坏取决于与样本进行比较的参考集合。先行词是 reference collections,后面 be compared to which。样本被比较入哪个参考集合中。

定语从句 - 练习

The most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA. 是唯一一个(算入平均 GPA)限定性定语从句,修饰前面的 the only one。

In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it. 在这方面,就像在其他许多方面一样,那些希望影响未来的人必须为此做好准备。

Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful. 限定性定语从句,表示 Digs will be successful in this place.

The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors available for unfamiliar and emergency signals such as the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire. 大脑发现最好让嗅觉感受器可以接收不熟悉的紧急信号,例如烟味,这可能表明有火灾危险。which 用于指代烟的味道。

Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live. 此外,人类有能力改变他们生活的环境。in which 表示介词提前。

定语从句 - 攻略

  • 不要纠结于从句的种类:定语从句就是修饰名词,明确服务的对象即可。
  • 非限定语从句可以划掉不看
  • 准确找到定语从句和修饰的先行词:绝大多数都是就近修饰

There exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. 世界上没有一种语言或方言不能传达复杂的思想。(多个定语修饰同一个名词,长得长的往后放)

状语从句

状语从句的含义:进一步描述主句状态的补充信息

状语从句的写法:从属连词(不做成份,表达补充说明什么) + 完整的陈述句

When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn’t have the capital to do so. when 引导的时间状语从句,换成 because 就是原因状语从句。

状语从句的位置:围绕主句:主句前、后、插入主句

  • As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders. 当……的时候
  • Opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders, as the economy picks up. 主句后
  • Opportunities, as the economy picks up, will abound for aspiring leaders. 主句中间

状语从句的分类,共 9 种:时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、比较、方式

状语从句的分类由从属连词决定,从属连词分为 9 类。

  • 时间状语从句
    • when, while, as 表示:当……时候,考研不用区别三者之间的不同
      • In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. 当日本还在挣扎的时候,美国已经能够回顾五年稳固的增长了,这里语境是 1995,因此用一般现在时和现在完成时(表示 1995 年之前就开始挣扎了)
      • As the brain fades, we refer to these occurrences as“senior moments”. 随着大脑的消退(当大脑衰退时),我们将这些事件称为“老化时刻”。
    • before, after 在……之前,之后
      • Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he Iocated the tomb in 1922. 卡特在 1922 年找到陵墓之前,在帝王谷的废墟中筛选了七年。
    • since, until 自从……开始,直到……结束
      • Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. 语法、标点符号和拼写可以等到您修改。
    • as soon as 一……就……,表示时间
      • As soon as that report runs, we’ll suddenly get 500 new internet sign-ups from Ukraine. 一旦该报告运行,我们将突然从乌克兰获得 500 个新的互联网注册。
    • by the time 截止到……
    • each time, every time 每一次……,具体来说它们不是连词,但是可以引导句子,当作连词
    • the next time 下一次
  • 地点状语从句
    • where
      • Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn’t before.
      • where 的确可以引导各种各样的从句,如果 where 前是动词/系动词,那么就是宾语/表语从句;如果前面是地点名词,那么就是定语从句修饰地点;如果独立表示地点(不修饰前面的词),那么就是地点状语从句
  • 原因状语从句
    • because:理由原因
      • Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely tied. 我们的法律制度旨在将法律与政治区分开来,正是因为它们是如此紧密地联系在一起。precisely adv. 精确地
    • since:逐渐减弱
      • Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded: “We do not attract what we want, but what we are.”由于欲望和意志因不符合欲望的思想的存在而受损,艾伦总结道:“我们吸引的不是我们想要的,而是我们自己。”
    • as:最弱的理由和原因(显而易见的事情)
    • now that:针对现在的现状,意为“因为现在都已经……”“既然……”
  • 结果状语从句
    • so … that …:如此……以至于……,太……所以…… so + adj.
      • We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. 我们将此类销售媒体定义为自有媒体,其流量非常强大,以至于其他组织将其内容或电子商务引擎置于该环境中。
    • such … that …:同上 such + n.
      • Indeed, homelessness has reached such proportions that local governments can’t possibly cope. 事实上,无家可归者已经达到了地方政府无法应对的程度。
    • so that … 等于 so,(so 是并列句,so that 是主从复合句)
      • Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. 过渡应将一个段落连接到下一个段落,以便没有突然或令人困惑的偏移。
  • 目的状语从句
    • so that …:主要看后面的从句中有没有情态动词,有的话就是目的状从,因为情态动词表示还没有发生的一种可能性,不是表达某种结果
      • In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a“do not track” (DNT) option to internet browser so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. 2010 年 12 月,美国联邦贸易委员会(FTC)提议在互联网浏览器中添加“不跟踪”(DNT)选项,以便用户可以告诉广告商他们不想被跟踪。
    • in order that …
  • 条件状语从句
    • if:如果
      • If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society is undermined. 如果可以收买关系,民主社会的基本前提就会受到破坏。
    • once:一旦
      • Once aa discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. 一旦发现声明公开,发现者就会获得智力信用。
    • as long as/so long as:只要
      • If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught. 如果你把谈话看作是一场战斗或比赛,只要你不被抓住,你就可以通过作弊来获胜。
    • unless:除非(if not)
  • 让步状语从句:明让步,暗转折(尽管……,但是……)英文中只能加一个连词
    • although/though:尽管……/即使……
      • Although sadness also precedes tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow from muscular responses. 虽然悲伤也先于眼泪,但有证据表明,情绪可以从肌肉反应中流出(先哭后伤心而非先伤心后哭)。如果把 Although 去掉之后,可以在后一句加上 but
      • After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. 毕竟,它也有广告业务,它说这将遵守 DNT 的要求,尽管它仍在研究如何。
    • even if/even though:尽管……/即使……
      • None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. 这些都不容易,但即使其他人拒绝,您也可以开始。
    • while:尽管怎样
    • however:无论怎样,no matter how
  • 比较状语从句
    • than:超过
      • You are smarter than I am.
      • But phones run on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 但是手机使用电池运行,电池的消耗速度可能比我们意识到的要快。
    • as:和……相比一样
      • In the general population today, at this genetic environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go. 在今天的一般人群中,在这个遗传环境水平上,我们几乎已经走得很远了。
  • 方式状语从句
    • as 按照……方式
      • During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics. 在他行走的大部分生活中(能走的人生中),他会把他的守则视为理所当然,就像商人认为他的道德一样。
    • as if 似乎,好像是某种方式
      • Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human exisence. 贝多芬的音乐往往是从混乱走向有序,仿佛秩序是人类生存的必要条件。

202304200219527

as 引导的句子不缺成分才是状语从句,否则就是指代整个句子的定语从句。

状语从句 - 练习

When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshman, to give them a second chance to take a class in the first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. 当这种做法在几十年前首次开始时,通常仅限于新生,如果他们在过渡到大学水平的课程时遇到困难,他们会在第一年有第二次机会上课。

  • practice:n. 惯例

The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. EEOB(艾森豪威尔行政办公楼)的历史早在其奠定基础之前就开始了。

The old and infirm“have a duty to die and get out of the way”, so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential. 年老体弱的人“有责任死去,让开”,让更年轻、更健康的人能够发挥自己的潜力。

  • so that 引出目的状语从句,情态动词 can
  • infirm:adj. 体弱多病的人

They’re dealing with so many more things that become worn out from it more visibly and sooner. 他们正在处理更多的事情,并更明显、更快地从中变得精疲力尽。

Although the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is increasing. 尽管数字可能有所不同,但分析人士确实同意另一件事:无家可归者的数量正在增加。用了 that,限定定从。

Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. 工党同样希望停止议会反对发展的地方规划。在地方议会反对发展的地方(where)

状语从句 - 攻略

The court cannot maintain its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law when justices behave like politicians. 当大法官表现得像政治家时,法院就无法保持其作为法治守护者的合法性。这里填入 when 表示“当……时候”。

It did not matter what was done in the experiment; so long as something was changed, productivity rose. 在实验中做了什么并不重要;只要有所改变,生产力就会提高。

Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events, until, it appears, we begin to dream. 因为我们的意识被日常生活所占据,所以我们并不总是思考当天事件的情感意义,直到我们开始做梦。

Released under the MIT License.